Skip to main content

How to DNA to Protein Translation Process

DNA to Protein Translation Process
DNA to protein translation process  - This one-way flow of information from DNA to protein is called the central dogma of molecular biology. Information stored in DNA is copied to RNA (transcription), which is used to assemble proteins (translation).

Each DNA strand is composed of sub-units called nucleotides or, “bases” for short.  There are four types of nucleotides – adenine, A; thymine, T; guanine, G and cytosine, C. An A always pairs with T, and G with C. Thus the two strands of DNA are complementary to each other.

Nucleotides are arranged in a specific order on DNA – this is called the sequence of DNA.  This sequence is further sectioned into genes – a short segment of DNA that is made into one polypeptide (protein) chain.

Cells convert DNA to protein in a two-step process.

DNA to protein in a two-step process.


Transcription: DNA to RNA

Transcription occurs in the nucleus. Transcription in the process by which RNA is assembled from a DNA template. To transcribe a gene, the DNA is first unwound using the enzyme DNA helicase, which breaks the bonds between the nucleotide pairs. Then an enzyme called DNA polymerase “reads” one of the DNA strands and converts it into a complementary strand called pre-mRNA. Pre-mRNA is also made up of nucleotides, but uses uracil, U instead of T. Thus an A base on the DNA strand will result in a U base in the complementary mRNA strand.

After DNA is transcribed into a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule during transcription, the mRNA must be translated to produce a protein. In translation, mRNA along with transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomes work together to produce proteins. 

Look the video of DNA to Protein Translation






Protein Synthesis: Transfer RNA

Transfer RNA plays a huge role in protein synthesis and translation. Its job is to translate the message within the nucleotide sequence of mRNA to a specific amino acid sequence. These sequences are joined together to form a protein. Transfer RNA is shaped like a clover leaf with three loops. It contains an amino acid attachment site on one end and a special section in the middle loop called the anticodon site. The anticodon recognizes a specific area on a mRNA called a codon. 

The last set of codons (last three bases) of an mRNA molecule are called the “stop” codon – they do not have a corresponding tRNA. When the ribosome reaches this sequence, it detaches from the mRNA. The polypeptide chain (100′s to 1000′s of amino acids long) is released, and migrates to the Golgi appartus where it is modified (if required) and then eventually folds into a 3-D shape called a protein.

Labels:

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

What is Three Parts of Nucleotide ?

What is Three Parts of Nucleotide ? Nucleotides are biological molecules that form the building blocks of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and serve to carry packets of energy within the cell (ATP). In the form of the nucleoside triphosphates (ATP, GTP, CTP and UTP), nucleotides play central roles in metabolism.  In addition, nucleotides participate in cell signaling (cGMP and cAMP), and are incorporated into important cofactors of enzymatic reactions (e.g. coenzyme A, FAD, FMN, NAD, and NADP+). A nucleotide is composed of a nucleobase (nitrogenous base), a five-carbon sugar (either ribose or 2-deoxyribose), and one or more phosphate groups. Three parts of nucleotide image  That are three parts of nucleotide, Nucleotides can be synthesized by a variety of means both in vitro and in vivo. There a 4 different nucleotides ATP,GTP (purines) TTP,CTP (pyrimidines) which differ in the chemical structure of the base. They are generally referred by a single letter A, G...
Post a Comment
Read more

Why Patau Syndrome or Known as Trisomy 13

Trisomy 13 or Patau Syndrome  is the most severe viable trisomy caused by an additional copy of chromosome 13 that usually causes a host of developmental problems and physical deformities in a newborn. Patau syndrome is generally recognized at birth by the presence of structural birth defects and poor neurologic performance. Additional structural anomalies are common, particularly facial anomalies (midline clefts, hypotelorism, microphthalmia, and anophthalmia) arising from structural anomalies of the brain, frequently microcephaly and holoprosencephaly. Other associated anomalies include cardiac, renal, and intestinal (diaphragmatic hernia) anomalies. Characteristic features include low set ears, post-axial polydactyly, flexion contractures, rocker bottom feet, scalp defects, and haemangiomas. What is the cause of Patau Syndrome ? The exact incidence of Patau syndrome is not known, although it appears to affect females more than males, most likely because ...
Post a Comment
Read more